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<html>
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<title>Spherical Harmonics</title>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
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<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm"></a><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html" title="Spherical Harmonics">Spherical Harmonics</a>
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</h3></div></div></div>
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<h5>
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<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.h0"></a>
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<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.synopsis"></a></span><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html#math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.synopsis">Synopsis</a>
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</h5>
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<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">special_functions</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">></span>
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</pre>
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<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">math</span><span class="special">{</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_r</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_r</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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<span class="special">}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespaces</span>
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</pre>
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<h5>
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<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.h1"></a>
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<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.description"></a></span><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html#math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.description">Description</a>
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</h5>
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<p>
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The return type of these functions is computed using the <a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>result
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type calculation rules</em></span></a> when T1 and T2 are different types.
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</p>
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<p>
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The final <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a> argument is optional and can
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be used to control the behaviour of the function: how it handles errors,
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what level of precision to use etc. Refer to the <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">policy
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documentation for more details</a>.
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</p>
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<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">complex</span><span class="special"><</span><a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a><span class="special">></span> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Returns the value of the Spherical Harmonic Y<sub>n</sub><sup>m</sup>(theta, phi):
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</p>
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<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
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<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/spherical_0.svg"></span>
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</p></blockquote></div>
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<p>
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The spherical harmonics Y<sub>n</sub><sup>m</sup>(theta, phi) are the angular portion of the solution
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to Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates where azimuthal symmetry is
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not present.
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</p>
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<div class="caution"><table border="0" summary="Caution">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Caution]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/caution.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Caution</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
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<p>
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Care must be taken in correctly identifying the arguments to this function:
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θ is taken as the polar (colatitudinal) coordinate with θ in [0, π], and φas
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the azimuthal (longitudinal) coordinate with φin [0,2π). This is the convention
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used in Physics, and matches the definition used by <a href="http://documents.wolfram.com/mathematica/functions/SphericalHarmonicY" target="_top">Mathematica
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in the function SpericalHarmonicY</a>, but is opposite to the usual
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mathematical conventions.
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</p>
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<p>
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Some other sources include an additional Condon-Shortley phase term of
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(-1)<sup>m</sup> in the definition of this function: note however that our definition
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of the associated Legendre polynomial already includes this term.
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</p>
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<p>
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This implementation returns zero for m > n
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</p>
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<p>
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For θ outside [0, π] and φ outside [0, 2π] this implementation follows the convention
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used by Mathematica: the function is periodic with period π in θ and 2π in φ.
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Please note that this is not the behaviour one would get from a casual
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application of the function's definition. Cautious users should keep θ and
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φ to the range [0, π] and [0, 2π] respectively.
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</p>
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<p>
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See: <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SphericalHarmonic.html" target="_top">Weisstein,
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Eric W. "Spherical Harmonic." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource</a>.
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</p>
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</td></tr>
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</table></div>
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<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_r</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_r</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Returns the real part of Y<sub>n</sub><sup>m</sup>(theta, phi):
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</p>
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<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
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<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/spherical_1.svg"></span>
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</p></blockquote></div>
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<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">);</span>
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<span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">></span>
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<a class="link" href="../result_type.html" title="Calculation of the Type of the Result"><span class="emphasis"><em>calculated-result-type</em></span></a> <span class="identifier">spherical_harmonic_i</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">n</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">m</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T1</span> <span class="identifier">theta</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">T2</span> <span class="identifier">phi</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="link" href="../../policy.html" title="Chapter 20. Policies: Controlling Precision, Error Handling etc">Policy</a><span class="special">&);</span>
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</pre>
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<p>
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Returns the imaginary part of Y<sub>n</sub><sup>m</sup>(theta, phi):
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</p>
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<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
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<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../../../equations/spherical_2.svg"></span>
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</p></blockquote></div>
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<h5>
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<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.h2"></a>
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<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.accuracy"></a></span><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html#math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.accuracy">Accuracy</a>
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</h5>
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<p>
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The following table shows peak errors for various domains of input arguments.
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Note that only results for the widest floating point type on the system are
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given as narrower types have <a class="link" href="../relative_error.html#math_toolkit.relative_error.zero_error">effectively
|
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zero error</a>. Peak errors are the same for both the real and imaginary
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parts, as the error is dominated by calculation of the associated Legendre
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polynomials: especially near the roots of the associated Legendre function.
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</p>
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<p>
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All values are in units of epsilon.
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</p>
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<div class="table">
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<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.table_spherical_harmonic_r"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.38. Error rates for spherical_harmonic_r</b></p>
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<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for spherical_harmonic_r">
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<colgroup>
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<col>
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<col>
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<col>
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<col>
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<col>
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</colgroup>
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<thead><tr>
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<th>
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</th>
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<th>
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<p>
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GNU C++ version 7.1.0<br> linux<br> double
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</p>
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</th>
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<th>
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<p>
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GNU C++ version 7.1.0<br> linux<br> long double
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</p>
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</th>
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<th>
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<p>
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Sun compiler version 0x5150<br> Sun Solaris<br> long double
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</p>
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</th>
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<th>
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<p>
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Microsoft Visual C++ version 14.1<br> Win32<br> double
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</p>
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</th>
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</tr></thead>
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<tbody><tr>
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<td>
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<p>
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Spherical Harmonics
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</p>
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</td>
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<td>
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<p>
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<span class="blue">Max = 1.58ε (Mean = 0.0707ε)</span>
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</p>
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</td>
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<td>
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|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 2.89e+03ε (Mean = 108ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 1.03e+04ε (Mean = 327ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 2.27e+04ε (Mean = 725ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr></tbody>
|
|
</table></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
|
|
<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.table_spherical_harmonic_i"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 8.39. Error rates for spherical_harmonic_i</b></p>
|
|
<div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Error rates for spherical_harmonic_i">
|
|
<colgroup>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
</colgroup>
|
|
<thead><tr>
|
|
<th>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU C++ version 7.1.0<br> linux<br> double
|
|
</p>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
<p>
|
|
GNU C++ version 7.1.0<br> linux<br> long double
|
|
</p>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Sun compiler version 0x5150<br> Sun Solaris<br> long double
|
|
</p>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Microsoft Visual C++ version 14.1<br> Win32<br> double
|
|
</p>
|
|
</th>
|
|
</tr></thead>
|
|
<tbody><tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Spherical Harmonics
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 1.36ε (Mean = 0.0765ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 2.89e+03ε (Mean = 108ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 1.03e+04ε (Mean = 327ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<span class="blue">Max = 2.27e+04ε (Mean = 725ε)</span>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr></tbody>
|
|
</table></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<br class="table-break"><p>
|
|
Note that the worst errors occur when the degree increases, values greater
|
|
than ~120 are very unlikely to produce sensible results, especially when
|
|
the order is also large. Further the relative errors are likely to grow arbitrarily
|
|
large when the function is very close to a root.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h5>
|
|
<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.h3"></a>
|
|
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.testing"></a></span><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html#math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.testing">Testing</a>
|
|
</h5>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A mixture of spot tests of values calculated using functions.wolfram.com,
|
|
and randomly generated test data are used: the test data was computed using
|
|
<a href="http://shoup.net/ntl/doc/RR.txt" target="_top">NTL::RR</a> at 1000-bit
|
|
precision.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h5>
|
|
<a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.h4"></a>
|
|
<span class="phrase"><a name="math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.implementation"></a></span><a class="link" href="sph_harm.html#math_toolkit.sf_poly.sph_harm.implementation">Implementation</a>
|
|
</h5>
|
|
<p>
|
|
These functions are implemented fairly naively using the formulae given above.
|
|
Some extra care is taken to prevent roundoff error when converting from polar
|
|
coordinates (so for example the <span class="emphasis"><em>1-x<sup>2</sup></em></span> term used by the
|
|
associated Legendre functions is calculated without roundoff error using
|
|
<span class="emphasis"><em>x = cos(theta)</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>1-x<sup>2</sup> = sin<sup>2</sup>(theta)</em></span>).
|
|
The limiting factor in the error rates for these functions is the need to
|
|
calculate values near the roots of the associated Legendre functions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
|
|
<td align="left"></td>
|
|
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2006-2019 Nikhar
|
|
Agrawal, Anton Bikineev, Paul A. Bristow, Marco Guazzone, Christopher Kormanyos,
|
|
Hubert Holin, Bruno Lalande, John Maddock, Jeremy Murphy, Matthew Pulver, Johan
|
|
Råde, Gautam Sewani, Benjamin Sobotta, Nicholas Thompson, Thijs van den Berg,
|
|
Daryle Walker and Xiaogang Zhang<p>
|
|
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</div></td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
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